forwardscatter

Forwardscatter refers to the scattering of waves or particles predominantly in the forward direction, that is, at small angles relative to the incident beam. This type of scattering occurs when a target such as a particle, molecule, or rough surface interacts with light, microwaves, or other radiation, causing a concentration of scattered energy toward the forward hemisphere. The strength and angular distribution of forward scattering depend on the size parameter, defined as the ratio of the particle circumference to the wavelength, and on the refractive index contrast between the particle and its surroundings.

In scattering theory, the forward-scattered intensity often exhibits a pronounced peak for particles that are not much smaller than the wavelength, a hallmark described by Mie theory. For very small particles in the Rayleigh regime, the angular pattern tends to be more isotropic but can still show forward bias depending on the interaction. The angular dependence is summarized by a phase function, such as the Henyey-Greenstein model, which is commonly used in atmospheric and astronomical radiative-transfer calculations to approximate how light is redistributed by scattering.

Forward scattering has important implications in remote sensing and imaging. In atmospheric science, it influences the interpretation of lidar and radar data, cloud and aerosol radiative forcing, and sky brightness. In optics and instrumentation, forward scatter can contribute to stray light and degrade image contrast, but it also provides a means to infer particle size distributions, refractive indices, and concentrations when measured at small scattering angles.

Related concepts include backward and side scattering, and practical analyses often combine experimental measurements with theoretical models such as Mie theory to characterize scatterers.