forges

A forge is a hearth and workspace used to heat metal to a malleable state so it can be shaped by hammering or drawing. Traditionally, a forge is paired with an anvil, a firepot, and a means of delivering air to the flame, such as bellows or a blower. The heated metal is worked on an anvil to create tools, hardware, or structural parts.

Key components include the heat source, the hearth or firepot, the tuyere to admit air, a blower or bellows, an anvil, and hand tools. The metal is heated to forging temperature, moved to the anvil, and repeatedly shaped, with reheating as necessary. Some operations also involve welding hot pieces or applying heat treatments.

Forge designs vary by fuel. Charcoal or coal forges burn solid fuel in a firepot and are common in traditional blacksmithing. Gas forges use propane or natural gas for more controllable heat. Electric or induction forges heat by electrical resistance or magnetic induction and are popular for small parts or precise heating.

Historically, forges evolved from simple charcoal hearths in ancient ironworking to coal-fired forges in medieval and early modern periods. The 19th and 20th centuries introduced gas, steam, and electric power that supported larger forges and powered hammers. Today, forges range from hobbyist setups to industrial hot-working facilities.

Safety considerations include extreme heat, molten or red-hot metal, and fuel hazards. Adequate ventilation, protective gear, and proper fuel handling are essential to prevent burns, accidental fires, and toxic fumes.