fonási

Fonási is the process of spinning fibers such as wool, flax, cotton, or synthetic blends into yarn or thread. It is a foundational technique in textile production and a traditional craft across many cultures. Spun yarn serves as the input for weaving, knitting, and felting.

The practice encompasses manual and mechanical methods, including spin with a drop spindle, a spinning wheel, or contemporary electric spindles. Spinners draft the fiber and twist it to the desired thickness. The twist direction can be S or Z; when two or more strands are combined, they are plied in the opposite twist to balance strength and texture.

Different fibers require specific preparation: wool is carded or combed, flax is hackled and retted, and cotton is ginned and carded. The choice of fiber, twist, thickness, and ply determines the yarn's hand, warmth, durability, and suitability for different crafts.

Historically, fonási emerged in prehistoric times and developed alongside weaving and textile trades. It has played a central role in economies, domestic life, and cultural expression. Today, fonási continues as a hobby, a form of craft education, and an artisanal practice, with global communities sharing techniques and patterns.