fluoruros

Floruros, known in English as fluorides, are chemical compounds that contain the fluoride ion (F−) or fluorine bonded to another element. They range from simple salts such as sodium fluoride (NaF) and calcium fluoride (CaF2) to covalent species like silicon tetrafluoride (SiF4) and complex fluorides used in materials processing and catalysis.

In nature, fluorides occur in several minerals, the most important being fluorite (CaF2). Other important fluoride minerals include cryolite (Na3AlF6) and fluoroapatite. Fluorides are extracted and processed for use as reagents, fluxes, or fluoridating agents.

Industrial use is broad. Fluorides serve as fluxes in metallurgy to lower melting points and improve metal flow; cryolite-based processes have been central to aluminum production. Fluoride compounds are employed as etchants and process gases in semiconductor fabrication. In consumer products, sodium fluoride and related compounds are added to some toothpaste and drinking water for dental health benefits.

Safety and environmental aspects: many fluoride compounds are toxic in soluble forms and can be corrosive or harmful if ingested. Hydrofluoric acid is particularly hazardous. Handling requires protective equipment, proper ventilation, and waste management to minimize ecological and human health risks. Regulation varies by country and application, with attention to occupational exposure and water quality.