feszültségreferenciákban

Feszültségrefe... appears incomplete; the closest well-known term is voltage reference (feszültségreferencia). This article covers the concept in general.

A voltage reference is a circuit or device that provides a stable, known voltage used as a reference for measurement and calibration. It aims to minimize variations caused by temperature, supply voltage, and load changes, ensuring that other circuit voltages and readings can be compared reliably.

Common types include bandgap references, which produce a near-constant voltage around 1.2 to 1.25 volts by combining temperature-dependent components with opposing temperature effects; Zener-based references that rely on a silicon diode’s breakdown behavior; and precision references implemented in integrated circuits. Bandgap references are widely used for their stability and low drift, while Zener references may offer different voltage options or simplicity in discrete designs.

Key specifications for voltage references include initial accuracy, temperature coefficient (often expressed in ppm per degree Celsius), long-term drift, noise, output impedance, and line and load regulation. A low temperature coefficient minimizes drift with temperature; low noise reduces reference-induced measurement uncertainty; and good line/load regulation ensures stability under varying supply and load conditions.

Applications span analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converters, instrumentation and precision measurement systems, calibration sources, and regulator circuits. Designers select a reference based on required accuracy, operating temperature range, power consumption, voltage level, and integration approach, balancing performance with cost and package constraints.