ferroeelktrilisi

Ferroelectricity is a property of certain crystalline materials that exhibit a spontaneous electric polarization that can be reversed by the application of an external electric field. This polarization is due to the arrangement of ions within the crystal lattice. In a ferroelectric material, the centers of positive and negative charge do not coincide, resulting in a net dipole moment. Below a certain temperature, known as the Curie temperature, this polarization is aligned in a particular direction. Above the Curie temperature, the thermal motion of the ions disrupts this ordered arrangement, and the material loses its ferroelectric properties, becoming paraelectric.

The spontaneous polarization in ferroelectric materials can be switched between different orientations by applying an electric field. This switching behavior is analogous to the switching of magnetic domains in ferromagnetic materials, hence the term "ferroelectric." The relationship between the electric polarization and the applied electric field in a ferroelectric material is described by a hysteresis loop. This loop shows that the polarization does not linearly depend on the field and that a remnant polarization exists even when the external field is removed.

Ferroelectric materials have a variety of applications, including in memory devices (ferroelectric RAM or FeRAM), sensors, actuators, and tunable microwave devices. Their ability to store information based on their polarization state makes them attractive for non-volatile memory applications. The piezoelectric effect, where a material generates an electric charge in response to mechanical stress, is also often found in ferroelectric materials, enabling their use in sensors and actuators.