exemplification

Exemplification is the act of providing one or more examples to illustrate a concept, rule, or argument. The noun derives from the Latin exemplum, meaning “an example.” In rhetoric and writing, an exemplum is a concrete instance or brief narrative chosen to clarify a point, evoke empathy, or bolster a claim.

In classical rhetoric, exempla were a common strategy to translate abstract principles into recognizable situations. Medieval and Renaissance writers emphasized anecdotal exempla as a counterbalance to formal deduction. In modern education, teachers use exemplification to anchor ideas in observable cases, demonstrations, or hypothetical scenarios, helping learners transfer theory to practice.

In philosophy and logic, exemplification describes the relation between a property and the things that have it: an object exemplifies a property if it possesses that property. In discourse, exemplification also serves to make abstract categories tangible by offering representative or illustrative instances.

Types of examples commonly used include factual (real-world cases), hypothetical (imagined scenarios), representative (typical members of a class), and analogical (comparing to a similar case). Effective exemplification involves relevance, adequacy, and variety to avoid both overgeneralization from anecdote and misrepresentation of a broader pattern. Pedagogical and argumentative quality depends on careful selection of exemplars that illuminate the point without distorting evidence.

See also exemplum, illustration, demonstration, and analogy.