evidentialiteit

Evidentiality is a grammatical category that encodes the source or reliability of information in statements. It concerns how the speaker came to know what they are saying, rather than just how certain they are about it. In many languages, evidentiality is marked on the verb or expressed with dedicated particles, clitics, or separate words.

There is a common typology that distinguishes direct evidentials, which indicate firsthand perception or experience (for example, what the speaker witnessed or heard), from indirect evidentials, which signal information derived from inference, assumption, or hearsay. Some languages also include quotative evidentials for information derived from reported speech. In some systems, multiple levels or categories exist to capture nuances such as visual vs non-visual evidence, or the speaker’s confidence about the information.

Evidentiality is related to, but not identical with, epistemic modality. Epistemic modality concerns the speaker’s certainty about a proposition, while evidentiality concerns the source of the information. In practice, many languages fuse these notions, so evidential markers can also express epistemic stance.

Cross-linguistic studies show a wide range of evidential systems. Well-documented cases appear in Quechuan languages and several Turkic and Caucasian languages, as well as in various Australian and Native American languages. The study of evidentiality sheds light on how languages structure knowledge, influence discourse, and reflect social and cultural norms of communication.