etrog

Etrog is the citron, Citrus medica, a large, aromatic citrus fruit that plays a central role in Jewish ritual during Sukkot as one of the Four Species. The etrog’s origin lies in the citron, a sturdy fruit with a thick rind and a distinctive fragrance. It is grown in warm subtropical and Mediterranean climates and varies in size, shape, and rind texture from smooth to lightly bumpy. The rind is usually thick and highly scented, while the flesh is typically tart and not commonly eaten fresh.

In Jewish practice, the etrog is held together with the lulav (palm frond), hadassim (myrtle), and aravot (willow) during ceremonial processions, and blessings are recited over the Four Species. For ritual use, the etrog must meet halachic requirements: it should be unblemished, free from insect damage, and not altered with wax or dyes, as such modifications can invalidate its ritual status. The etrog is valued not only for its religious symbolism but also for its distinctive scent, which is sometimes appreciated in perfumery and flavoring, though the fruit is not typically eaten.

Historically, citron cultivation spread throughout the Mediterranean and Near East, leading to regional varieties that are cultivated specifically for ritual use. Today, etrogs are grown in several countries, including Israel, parts of Europe, and North America, where growers aim to meet the strict standards required for holiday use. The etrog’s cultural and religious significance remains its defining feature in Jewish communities worldwide.