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Ethylene glycol poisoning is a serious medical emergency that occurs when someone ingests ethylene glycol, a common component found in antifreeze, de-icing fluids, and some solvents. This substance is highly toxic and can cause severe damage to the kidneys, heart, and central nervous system.

Upon ingestion, ethylene glycol is metabolized in the liver into highly toxic compounds, including glycolic acid and oxalic acid. These metabolites are responsible for the organ damage observed in poisoning cases. The initial symptoms can be subtle and may resemble alcohol intoxication, including euphoria, slurred speech, and unsteadiness. However, as the poisoning progresses, more severe symptoms emerge.

These later-stage symptoms typically involve metabolic acidosis, which is a dangerous buildup of acid in the body. Kidney damage is a hallmark of ethylene glycol poisoning, often leading to acute kidney failure. Other signs can include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, rapid breathing, heart problems, and neurological issues such as seizures or coma.

Diagnosis is usually made based on a combination of clinical presentation, history of ingestion, and laboratory tests. Blood and urine samples can detect ethylene glycol and its toxic metabolites. Treatment is time-sensitive and focuses on preventing further absorption of the toxin, removing it from the body, and providing supportive care. This often involves administering antidotes like fomepizole or ethanol, which inhibit the metabolism of ethylene glycol. In severe cases, dialysis may be necessary to remove the toxin and its byproducts from the blood. Prompt medical attention is crucial for a positive outcome.