ethnicnationalist

Ethnic nationalism is a form of nationalism in which the nation is defined primarily by shared ethnic background—language, culture, ancestry, and religion—and political membership is tied to that identity. Proponents view self-government as meaningful when based on a common heritage; critics warn of exclusion and discrimination.

Ethnic nationalism contrasts with civic nationalism, which defines membership by shared political values and allegiance to laws, not ancestry. It can overlap with cultural nationalism, which emphasizes culture without asserting exclusive political rights. In practice, ethnic nationalism ranges from inclusive projects that accommodate minorities within a national framework to exclusive, ethnically defined aims that reserve statehood for one group.

Historically, ethnic nationalism emerged in 18th–19th century Europe as modern states formed around ethnic identities. It has shaped independence movements, border-making, and state-society relations, and in some cases contributed to inter-communal conflict and discrimination against minorities. The decolonization era and globalization have affected how it is expressed and contested.

Practices include language policies, citizenship rules tied to ancestry, education emphasizing a particular heritage, symbols, and immigration or border controls aimed at preserving a dominant ethnic character. Intensity and tolerance vary by context.

Scholars debate whether ethnic nationalism is a natural expression of cultural belonging or a dangerous framework that can undermine liberal democracy and minority rights. Critics warn it can justify exclusion and violence, while supporters argue it can provide political meaning and a path to self-determination.

See also: nationalism, ethnic identity, civic nationalism, secession, self-determination.