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Essentialism is a philosophical theory that holds that certain properties or characteristics are inherent to a thing, person, or group, and that these properties are essential to the thing's, person's, or group's identity or nature. Essentialism can be applied to various domains, including metaphysics, ethics, and social sciences. In metaphysics, essentialism posits that objects have essential properties that define their nature, such as the essential properties of a triangle being three sides and three angles. In ethics, essentialism might argue that certain actions are inherently good or bad, regardless of cultural or situational context. In social sciences, essentialism can lead to stereotypes and biases by assuming that certain characteristics are fixed and universal to members of a particular group.

Essentialism is often contrasted with constructivism, which holds that properties and identities are socially constructed and can vary across different contexts and cultures. Critics of essentialism argue that it can lead to discrimination and injustice by treating individuals or groups as if their characteristics are fixed and unchangeable. Essentialism can also be problematic in scientific contexts, as it may lead to oversimplified explanations and a lack of consideration for the complexity and variability of natural phenomena. Despite its criticisms, essentialism remains a influential theory in various fields, shaping our understanding of identity, nature, and morality.