escarp

An escarp is a long, steep slope or cliff, typically one of a series that forms part of a mountain range or a plateau. It is essentially a cliff face formed by faulting or erosion. Escarpments can vary greatly in size, from a few meters to hundreds or even thousands of meters in height. They are often formed when a block of land is uplifted or downfaulted relative to its surroundings, creating a sharp drop. Erosion can also play a significant role in shaping and maintaining escarpments, with the constant action of wind, water, and ice gradually wearing away at the rock face.

Escarpments are important geological features and can have a significant impact on local topography, climate, and biodiversity. They can act as barriers to migration for both animals and humans, and their steep slopes can influence rainfall patterns and vegetation distribution. Many major rivers originate in or flow along escarpments, and their presence can also lead to the formation of waterfalls. Historically, escarpments have served as natural defenses, and many settlements and fortifications have been built along their edges. Examples of prominent escarpments include the Great Escarpment in Southern Africa, the Niagara Escarpment in North America, and the Moine Thrust in Scotland.