epistemológicos

Epistemológicos is the plural form of epistemológico, an adjective used to describe things related to epistemology, the branch of philosophy that studies knowledge. In everyday and academic language, it labels questions, theories, or approaches concerned with knowledge and its foundations, as in frases como problemas epistemológicos o marcos epistemológicos.

Epistemology investigates the nature of knowledge, its sources, and its limits. Key questions include what counts as knowledge, how beliefs are justified, and what counts as evidence for beliefs. Central issues include the distinction between knowledge and opinion, the criteria for justification, and the reliability of different sources of knowledge such as perception, reason, memory, and testimony. The field also engages with skepticism, the problem of justification, and various theories of justification (foundationalism, coherentism, reliabilism), as well as debates about internalism versus externalism and the role of certainty.

The scope of epistemology extends to the epistemology of science, addressing how scientific methods generate knowledge, the status of scientific theories, and the nature of evidence. It also encompasses social epistemology, which examines collective knowledge, testimony, and how social processes and institutions influence knowledge claims. The dialogue between rationalism and empiricism, and between modern and contemporary approaches, continually shapes epistemological inquiry.

Historically, epistemology traces from ancient skeptical traditions and the rationalist–empiricist debates through Kantian synthesis to present-day analytic and continental perspectives, including virtue epistemology and feminist epistemology. Thus, epistemológicos as a term signals topics about justification, truth, belief, certainty, and the limits of human understanding across philosophy and related disciplines.