epigrafia

Epigrafia, known in English as epigraphy, is the study and interpretation of inscriptions on durable media such as stone, metal, or ceramic. Epigraphic evidence is used to reconstruct historical events, institutions, and social practices when literary texts are scarce or biased. The field combines philology, history, archaeology, paleography, and conservation to read inscriptions, date them, and publish text with commentary.

Inscriptions include public decrees, laws, victory monuments, dedications, epitaphs, votive offerings, and graffiti. They may be monumental, imperial, religious, or commemorative in nature and often record names, titles, dates, religious formulas, and socio-political information.

Methods: Epigraphists document the context, transcribe signs, interpret scripts, calibrate dating using palaeographic analysis, stylistic features, linguistic forms, and cross-reference with other sources. Editions provide transcription, translation, and apparatus; inscriptions are stored in corpora and databases.

Scope and significance: The discipline covers many regions and periods—Greco-Roman, Mesopotamian, Egyptian, Near Eastern, South and East Asia, as well as modern inscriptions. Epigraphy can illuminate governance, public religion, citizenship, urban life, and trade networks; it also helps understand languages and scripts.

Historical development: From ancient times to modern scholarship, epigraphy evolved with archaeology and philology; the decipherment of scripts (e.g., hieroglyphics, cuneiform) revealed many languages. Notable sources include steles, inscribed tablets, and epitaphs that provide chronological anchors and social data.

Today, epigraphy continues with digital methods, such as online databases, 3D imaging, and digital publication, promoting broader access and collaborative study.