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Epidural anesthesia is a regional anesthetic technique used to provide pain relief during surgical procedures and labor. It involves the injection of local anesthetic medication, and sometimes opioids, into the epidural space, which is the area outside the dura mater, the outermost membrane surrounding the spinal cord. This blocks nerve signals, leading to a loss of sensation and pain in the lower part of the body.

A needle is inserted into the epidural space, typically in the lower back. A thin, flexible tube called an epidural catheter is then threaded through the needle. Once the catheter is in place, the needle is removed, and medication is administered through the catheter. The catheter can be used to deliver continuous doses of anesthetic or pain medication, allowing for adjustable pain control.

Epidural anesthesia is commonly used for C-sections and vaginal deliveries, providing effective pain relief for labor contractions and childbirth. It is also employed for surgeries involving the lower abdomen, pelvis, and legs, such as hip replacements or prostate surgery. The onset of numbness and pain relief usually occurs within 10 to 20 minutes.

While generally safe, potential side effects can include a drop in blood pressure, itching, nausea, and difficulty urinating. In rare cases, more serious complications like headache, nerve damage, or infection can occur. The administration of epidural anesthesia is performed by a trained anesthesiologist or anesthetist.