energytransduction
Energy transduction is the process by which energy is converted from one form to another within a system, enabling work, signaling, or storage. It spans biological, chemical, physical, and engineered contexts. The concept is often written as energy transduction; some sources use the compound form energytransduction. Central to transduction is the transformation of an energy input into a usable form by coupling to a receptor or effector mechanism, often against a gradient, with losses governed by thermodynamics.
In biology, energy transduction drives metabolism and sensing. During photosynthesis, light energy is converted into chemical
In engineering and physics, transduction describes devices that convert energy forms for measurement or actuation. Examples
Thermodynamics governs transduction, with energy conserved and losses arising from friction, resistance, and noise. The efficiency