endothelitis

Endothelitis is a medical term describing inflammation of the endothelium, which is the inner lining of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels. This lining is composed of a single layer of endothelial cells. Inflammation of the endothelium can affect blood vessels of all sizes, from small capillaries to large arteries and veins.

The causes of endothelitis are diverse and can include infections, autoimmune diseases, allergic reactions, and exposure to toxins. For instance, viral infections such as cytomegalovirus or herpes simplex virus can directly infect endothelial cells, leading to inflammation. In autoimmune conditions like lupus or vasculitis, the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own endothelial cells. Certain medications or chemical exposures can also trigger an inflammatory response in the endothelium.

The consequences of endothelitis vary depending on the location and severity of the inflammation. It can impair the normal function of the blood vessels, which includes regulating blood pressure, preventing blood clots, and allowing for the passage of nutrients and waste products. Inflammation can lead to increased permeability of the vessel wall, allowing fluid and inflammatory cells to leak into surrounding tissues, causing swelling and damage. In some cases, endothelitis can contribute to the formation of blood clots, narrowing of blood vessels, and a reduced blood supply to organs and tissues, potentially leading to organ dysfunction or damage. Diagnosis often involves a combination of clinical signs, imaging studies, and sometimes a biopsy of affected tissue. Treatment strategies aim to address the underlying cause of the inflammation and manage its complications.