endocrino

Endocrino, in reference to the endocrine system, describes glands and tissues that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate distant organs and processes. Hormones act as chemical messengers that influence metabolism, growth, development, reproduction, and the maintenance of homeostasis. Target cells must have specific receptors for a given hormone, enabling precise control over biological functions.

The endocrine system comprises primary glands such as the pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands, and the pancreatic islets, along with the gonads (ovaries and testes). Neuroendocrine tissues in the hypothalamus contribute crucial regulatory hormones, and other organs such as the gut, adipose tissue, and the heart also produce signals that impact endocrine function. Hormones travel through the bloodstream and often produce relatively slow-onset but long-lasting effects compared with nervous system signaling. Regulation proceeds through feedback loops, with the hypothalamus and pituitary forming a central axis that coordinates many hormonal pathways.

Endocrine disorders arise from under- or overproduction of hormones, hormone resistance, or deficiencies in receptor signaling. Examples include diabetes mellitus (insulin deficiency or resistance), hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, adrenal disorders such as Addison’s disease and Cushing’s syndrome, and disorders of growth or reproduction. Diagnosis typically involves clinical assessment and measurement of circulating hormone levels, sometimes supported by imaging studies. Treatments may include hormone replacement therapy, medications that modify hormone production or action, and surgical interventions when necessary. The interplay between the endocrine system and other physiological systems reflects its central role in maintaining bodily balance.