elitism

Elitism is the belief that society should be led by a relatively small group of people deemed superior in ability, achievement, or privilege, and that this elite should exercise influence over public policy, culture, or institutions. The term can describe a descriptive assessment, an aspirational norm, or a critical stance depending on the context.

Elitism takes several forms. Political elitism holds that political power should reside in a selected class or cadre of leaders. Meritocratic elitism argues for governance by individuals chosen on demonstrated ability or achievement. Technocratic or cultural elitism emphasizes rule by experts. The concept overlaps with but is not identical to aristocracy (birth-based privilege) or plutocracy (wealth-based rule).

Historical and theoretical discussions include Plato’s idea of philosopher-kings in The Republic, and modern analyses such as C. Wright Mills’s The Power Elite, which describe concentrated power among a relatively small segment of society. Some scholars describe elite circulation and meritocratic selection as ways to legitimize rule in complex modern states.

Critics contend elitism can erode political equality, legitimacy, and accountability if elites are insulated from democratic oversight or if selection is biased by class, race, or money. Proponents argue that elites are necessary to manage complexity, implement policy effectively, and innovate. Debates often center on balancing accountable representation with efficient governance in pluralist democracies.

See also: meritocracy, aristocracy, technocracy, plutocracy, power elite.