eleznica

Eleznica is the term used in several South Slavic languages to refer to a railway or railway system. It denotes the network of tracks, stations, and related infrastructure used to move passengers and freight by train, as well as the industry that designs, builds, and operates it.

Core components include tracks, signaling and control systems, stations and yards, power supply (including electrification), rolling stock such as locomotives, passenger cars and freight wagons, and maintenance facilities. Operations are organized by railway undertakings under regulatory oversight, with trains following timetables and safety rules.

Historically, rail transport emerged in the 19th century in Europe and spread worldwide. In the South Slavic regions, railways were developed during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, often under empires such as Austria-Hungary; after 1945 many networks became state-operated, later undergoing privatization or mixed ownership in some countries.

Electrification and modernization have expanded in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, enabling faster passenger services and more efficient freight. Standard gauge is common across most of Europe, though some lines use metre or broad gauges in specific areas. Urban rail systems, including commuter networks and metros, are frequently integrated with national networks.

Today eleznica plays a central role in transportation, economic development and regional integration, while facing ongoing challenges such as funding, safety, interoperability and environmental concerns.