elektronai

Elektronai, also known as electrons, are subatomic particles with a negative electrical charge. They are fundamental to the structure of atoms and play a crucial role in various physical and chemical processes. Discovered by J.J. Thomson in 1897, electrons are approximately 1/1836th the mass of a proton and have a charge of -1.602 x 10^-19 coulombs. They orbit the nucleus of an atom in specific energy levels or shells, and their movement generates electric current when they flow through a conductor.

Electrons are involved in chemical bonding, where they are shared or transferred between atoms to form molecules. This process is essential for the formation of compounds and the behavior of materials. In electronics, electrons are manipulated to create and control electrical signals, enabling the operation of devices such as transistors, diodes, and integrated circuits.

The behavior of electrons is governed by quantum mechanics, which describes them as both particles and waves. This dual nature allows electrons to exhibit properties such as wave-particle duality and quantum tunneling. Understanding the behavior of electrons is fundamental to fields such as physics, chemistry, and engineering, as it underlies the principles of many technologies and natural phenomena.