elektrolitach

Electrolytes are substances that dissociate into ions when dissolved in water, allowing the solution to conduct electricity. In chemistry, common electrolytes include soluble salts, strong acids, and strong bases; they are characterized as strong electrolytes if they fully dissociate, and weak electrolytes if only partially dissociate. Non-electrolytes do not produce charged ions in solution.

In biology and medicine, electrolytes refer to the charged minerals or ions in body fluids, such as sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, calcium, magnesium, and phosphate. These ions regulate osmotic balance, maintain acid-base homeostasis, transmit nerve impulses, and enable muscle contraction. They participate in enzymatic activities, transport processes, and signal transduction. The distribution of ions across cell membranes is maintained by pumps and channels, and is influenced by hormones and the kidneys.

Clinical measurements use electrolyte panels or metabolic panels to assess concentrations in blood or urine. Abnormal levels can result from dehydration, kidney or adrenal disorders, vomiting, diarrhea, or certain medications. Low or high sodium, potassium, calcium, or bicarbonate can cause symptoms ranging from weakness and confusion to arrhythmias or seizures; treating the underlying cause and restoring balance often involves dietary adjustments, intravenous fluids, or electrolyte supplements.

Applications extend beyond health: electrolytes are essential in electrochemistry, batteries, electroplating, and water treatment. In sports and medicine, oral rehydration solutions and IV fluids are formulated to replace losses of specific ions, especially during illness or heavy exercise.