elektrimootorit

Electric motors convert electrical energy into mechanical energy. They operate on electromagnetic principles, typically with a stationary stator that produces a magnetic field and a rotating rotor that turns a shaft. The interaction between the stator field and the rotor's windings or magnets generates torque, enabling motion and energy transfer to machinery.

Common types include alternating-current AC motors (induction and synchronous) and direct-current DC motors (brushed and brushless). Induction motors, widely used in industry, rely on a rotating magnetic field generated by AC windings. Synchronous motors run at a speed tied to the supply frequency via permanent magnets or rotor windings. Brushed DC motors are simple and affordable; brushless DC motors use electronic commutation for higher efficiency and precise control.

Typical components are the stator, rotor, windings or magnets, bearings, and housing. Brushed DC motors incorporate a commutator and brushes; brushless designs rely on electronic controllers to switch current in the windings.

Performance is controlled by voltage, current, or frequency. For AC motors, variable-frequency drives VFDs adjust speed by varying the supply frequency. Brushless DC motors use motor controllers; efficiency is enhanced by design choices such as low-loss laminations, efficient magnets, and improved cooling.

Electric motors are foundational to modern machinery, powering pumps, fans, conveyors, appliances, robotics, and electric vehicles. The development of electric motors in the late 19th century, with contributions from figures such as Faraday and Tesla, established the basis for contemporary electric drive systems and energy efficiency improvements.