echinoderms

Echinoderms are a diverse group of marine invertebrates characterized by their radial symmetry, calcareous endoskeleton, and a unique water vascular system. The phylum Echinodermata includes sea stars (starfish), sea urchins, sand dollars, brittle stars, and sea cucumbers. These animals are exclusively marine and are found in a variety of habitats, from shallow intertidal zones to deep ocean floors.

One of the defining features of echinoderms is their fivefold radial symmetry, which becomes more complex in some groups. They possess a calcareous skeleton made up of plates or ossicles, providing structural support and protection. Their skin is often spiny or textured, aiding in defense or camouflage. Echinoderms move using numerous tube feet operated by the water vascular system, a hydraulic system that functions in locomotion, feeding, and respiration.

Echinoderms are pentaradial as adults but show bilateral symmetry during larval stages. They have a decentralized nerve net rather than a central brain, and most species are capable of regeneration, allowing them to recover from injuries or regrow lost arms. Their diet varies among species, with some grazing on algae, others scavenging detritus, and some preying on mollusks or other invertebrates.

Echinoderms play important roles in marine ecosystems, contributing to benthic community dynamics and aiding in nutrient cycling. They have a fossil record dating back to the Cambrian period, illustrating their long evolutionary history. Their unique biological features and ecological importance make echinoderms a significant subject of study within marine biology and evolutionary science.

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