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Doping is the practice of using substances or methods to enhance athletic performance in sports. It is prohibited by most sports governing bodies and anti-doping agencies because it can provide unfair advantages and pose health risks. Doping can involve banned pharmacological substances such as anabolic steroids, peptide hormones, hormones like erythropoietin (EPO), stimulants, and diuretics, as well as prohibited methods such as blood doping or gene doping. The goal is typically to increase strength, endurance, recovery, or aggression.

Regulation and testing: The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) oversees global anti-doping rules, with national agencies enforcing them during competitions and training. Athletes can be tested in-competition and out-of-competition; samples are analyzed in accredited laboratories, with a confirmatory "B" sample test if the initial result is positive. A positive result can lead to sanctions, including suspensions, forfeiture of medals, and fines; repeat offenses can lead to longer bans or lifetime suspensions. Athletes have rights to due process and to appeal.

Doping in sports remains controversial due to health risks, the possibility of false positives or test evasion, and debates about fairness and ethics. Education, robust testing, and research into detection methods continue to evolve.

In materials science, the term "doping" refers to introducing impurities into a material to change its electrical, optical, or structural properties, most commonly seen in semiconductor doping with dopants like phosphorus or boron to create n-type or p-type silicon.