diazotrophic

Diazotrophic refers to organisms capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into ammonia, a key step in making nitrogen available for biological use. Diazotrophs include certain bacteria, archaea, and some cyanobacteria, and they achieve nitrogen fixation through the enzyme complex nitrogenase, typically encoded by nif gene clusters. This process supplies bioavailable nitrogen to ecosystems where fixed nitrogen is limited.

Nitrogenase is energetically demanding, consuming ATP and reducing power to break the strong N≡N triple bond. The enzyme is also highly sensitive to oxygen, which can inactivate it. To cope, diazotrophs employ strategies such as creating protected, low-oxygen environments (for example, heterocysts in filamentous cyanobacteria like Anabaena and Nostoc) or regulating nitrogenase activity in response to environmental conditions, nitrogen availability, and redox state.

Diazotrophs display diverse lifestyles. Free-living diazotrophs, including some soil bacteria such as Azotobacter and Azospirillum, fix N2 independently. Many form symbiotic relationships with plants, notably Rhizobium, Bradyrhizobium, and other rhizobia with legumes, and Frankia with actinorhizal plants. Marine and freshwater cyanobacteria, such as Trichodesmium and Crocosphaera, contribute significantly to oceanic nitrogen input, while others form associations with various hosts or exist as part of microbial communities in sediments and soils.

Ecological and global significance stems from diazotrophy supplying nitrogen in environments where inorganic nitrogen is scarce, influencing plant productivity and the broader nitrogen cycle. Availability of cofactors such as iron and molybdenum, along with light, temperature, and moisture, modulates diazotrophic activity in different habitats.

Detection and study often rely on methods like the acetylene reduction assay or 15N2 incorporation, complemented by genomics that identify nif gene clusters and potential diazotrophic capacity.