demining

Demining is the systematic removal of landmines and other explosive hazards from contaminated land to reduce danger to civilians and enable safe land use. It is a core activity of mine action, which also includes risk education, victim assistance, mine clearance standards, and stockpile destruction.

Mine contamination can involve anti-personnel and anti-tank mines, as well as improvised explosive devices and booby traps. Explosive remnants of war (ERW) such as UXO are addressed by related clearance efforts but are not all classified as mines.

Demining employs several approaches. Manual clearance is performed by trained deminers using hand tools and prodders, often under heavy protective gear. Mechanical clearance uses armored excavators and specialized equipment for speed in open areas. Detection relies on metal detectors and other sensors, including ground-penetrating radar; dogs or other trained animals and, increasingly, remotely operated vehicles assist in detection. Explosive ordnance disposal specialists handle verification and neutralization.

The process typically begins with a survey and risk assessment, delineation of exclusion zones, and marking of suspected hazard areas. Systematic clearance proceeds line by line or by sector, followed by verification, documentation, and clearance certification. Found ordnance is either destroyed on site or transported to a safe disposal facility.

Standards are guided by the International Mine Action Standards (IMAS) and, for states parties, obligations under the Ottawa Treaty. Demining operations are hazardous and rely on trained personnel, protective equipment, and strict safety protocols. The work enables land restoration for agriculture, housing, and infrastructure, but many countries still face long-term contamination.