defamáció

Defamáció is a legal term referring to the act of damaging someone's reputation through false statements. It encompasses two main types: libel and slander. Libel involves false statements made in a permanent form, such as written words, pictures, or broadcasts. Slander, on the other hand, refers to false statements made orally.

To prove defamation, generally, the claimant must demonstrate that a statement was made about them, that the statement was false, that it was published or communicated to a third party, and that it caused damage to their reputation. The damage can be financial, social, or personal. Truth is typically a complete defense against a defamation claim; if the statement, however damaging, can be proven to be true, it is not considered defamation.

There are also several other defenses available, including opinion, privilege (such as statements made in court or parliamentary proceedings), and consent. The laws surrounding defamation vary significantly between jurisdictions. In some countries, there are different standards for public figures versus private individuals. Public figures often have to meet a higher burden of proof, typically needing to show that the false statement was made with "actual malice," meaning the speaker knew it was false or acted with reckless disregard for the truth. The consequences of defamation can include financial compensation for damages, injunctions to prevent further publication, and sometimes retraction of the false statement.