colonoscopic

Colonoscopic, in medical terminology, describes anything related to colonoscopy, a procedure that uses a flexible endoscope to examine the interior of the large intestine and rectum. A colonoscope is inserted through the anus and advanced under visualization to inspect the mucosa, detect abnormalities, and perform therapeutic maneuvers when needed.

Indications for colonoscopy include colorectal cancer screening, evaluation of symptoms such as rectal bleeding, iron-deficiency anemia, persistent diarrhea or abdominal pain, and surveillance after previous polyps or colorectal cancer. It may also guide treatment of inflammatory bowel disease and allow removal of polyps or collection of biopsies.

The procedure and techniques: before colonoscopy, patients undergo bowel preparation to cleanse the colon, typically with laxatives; solid foods may be restricted. Most procedures are done with sedation or anesthesia. A lubricated colonoscope is inserted through the anus and advanced; air or carbon dioxide is used to expand the colon. The physician inspects the lining and can biopsy, remove polyps, or perform endoscopic resections.

Risks and limitations: possible adverse events include perforation, bleeding, infection, and reactions to sedation. Incomplete examination can occur due to poor prep or strictures. The procedure provides diagnostic information and allows treatment in many cases but may not detect all conditions; not all findings require therapy.

Alternatives and follow-up: less invasive tests include flexible sigmoidoscopy and CT colonography (virtual colonoscopy). Positive findings often lead to surveillance intervals based on guidelines and pathology results.