climatisation

Climatisation refers to the technologies and processes used to control the indoor environment, in particular temperature, humidity, airflow, and air quality. It encompasses heating, cooling, ventilation, and air purification, often collectively referred to as HVAC systems.

In buildings, climatisation can be centralized or decentralized. Central systems use a single plant to condition air distributed via ducts; decentralised systems use unitary or ductless devices in each room. Equipment includes air conditioners, heat pumps, furnaces, boilers, ventilation fans, and filters. Thermostats and controls allow users to set desired conditions.

Cooling principle: many systems use the refrigeration cycle with a compressor, condenser, expansion device and evaporator to transfer heat from inside to outside. Heating is provided by heat pumps reversing cycle, or separate furnaces/boilers. Dehumidification and air filtration improve comfort and health. Ventilation exchanges indoor and outdoor air to maintain quality.

Passive climatisation strategies include improved insulation, shading, natural ventilation, and thermal mass to reduce reliance on active systems. Efficient operation is aided by proper sizing, maintenance, and control strategies; poor design can cause energy waste and discomfort.

Energy efficiency and environmental aspects: performance is measured by metrics such as SEER (Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio) for cooling and COP (Coefficient of Performance). refrigerants have environmental impacts; regulations have phased out certain substances (e.g., early refrigerants) and promote lower-GWP choices like R-32 or hydrofluoroolefins. End-of-life handling and recycling are important.

Applications: used in homes, offices, hospitals, factories, and data centers; in hot climates climatisation is often essential, while in temperate regions it may be limited to specific seasons.