civiltransaction

Civil transaction is a type of transaction that occurs between private parties or public bodies under civil law and concerns rights and obligations that are enforceable in civil courts. It covers exchanges of goods and services, contracts, property transfers, loans, leases, settlements of disputes, and other non-criminal arrangements. Civil transactions are generally governed by contract, commercial, and property law, rather than by criminal statutes.

Key features typically include an offer, acceptance, consideration or mutual obligation, and the capacity of the parties to contract. Many jurisdictions also require that certain transactions be in writing, such as real property transfers or significant commercial agreements, to be enforceable. The formality and precise requirements vary by jurisdiction and the nature of the transaction.

Enforcement of civil transactions is pursued in civil courts or through alternative dispute resolution mechanisms such as arbitration or mediation. Remedies commonly sought include monetary damages, specific performance, injunctions, or restitution. The standard of proof in civil matters is usually a preponderance of the evidence rather than the higher "beyond a reasonable doubt" standard used in criminal cases.

Civil transactions are distinguished from criminal transactions, where the state prosecutes offenders and penalties are punishments such as fines, imprisonment, or probation. They are also distinct from administrative or regulatory actions, which may involve government agencies imposing penalties without private disputes over rights and obligations.

Examples include a voluntary sale of a car between individuals, a commercial contract for the supply of goods, a real estate purchase, or a negotiated settlement to resolve a personal injury claim.