cistitis

Cystitis, also known as bladder inflammation, is an inflammation of the urinary bladder. It can be infectious or noninfectious. The most common form is infectious cystitis, typically caused by bacteria entering the bladder, most often Escherichia coli from the intestinal tract. Noninfectious cystitis includes chemical irritation, radiation, or inflammatory conditions such as interstitial cystitis (also called painful bladder syndrome).

Signs and symptoms include a frequent urge to urinate, burning or pain on urination, suprapubic discomfort, cloudy or bloody urine, and sometimes a low-grade fever. Symptoms may be mild or more severe. In men, infections are less common and may indicate other conditions; in pregnant people or older adults, evaluation is particularly important.

Diagnosis is based on history and physical examination, with urine tests such as urinalysis and urine culture to identify infection and guide antibiotics. Imaging or cystoscopy may be used in recurrent or complicated cases.

Treatment depends on the cause. Uncomplicated bacterial cystitis is typically treated with a short course of antibiotics (for example nitrofurantoin or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole). Adequate fluids and analgesic relief may help. Noninfectious cystitis management depends on the cause; interstitial cystitis may involve bladder instillations, oral medications, physical therapy, and lifestyle changes. Recurrent infections may require preventive antibiotics or behavioral modifications.

Prevention includes staying well hydrated, urinating after sexual activity, avoiding irritants, and managing risk factors such as diabetes. Most cases of bacterial cystitis resolve with treatment, but chronic forms require ongoing management. If fever, back pain, vomiting, or confusion occurs, medical care should be sought.