chargedistributed
Charge distributed refers to how electric charge is spatially arranged within a system. It is described by density functions such as volume charge density ρ(r) (C/m^3), surface charge density σ(r) (C/m^2), and line charge density λ (C/m). These densities determine the electric field and potential produced by the charges.
In electrostatics, conductors in equilibrium tend to have excess charge on their outer surfaces, with the interior
Mathematically, Gauss’s law relates the electric field to charge distribution: ∮ E · dA = Q_enclosed/ε0, with the differential
If charges change with time, currents appear and the continuity equation ∂ρ/∂t + ∇ · J = 0 governs charge
Common examples include the surface-charge distribution on a conducting sphere or capacitor plates, and the volume