cellemigration

Cellemigration refers to the directed movement of cells from one location to another within a tissue or organism. It is a fundamental process in development, immunity, wound healing, and cancer progression. Cell migration can occur as single cells or as part of a cohesive group, and is influenced by chemical and physical cues in the cellular microenvironment.

At the level of mechanism, migration relies on cytoskeletal remodeling and adhesion dynamics. Actin polymerization at the leading edge forms protrusions such as lamellipodia and filopodia, while contractile forces pull the cell body forward. Focal adhesions and integrins connect the cell to the extracellular matrix, providing traction and signaling. Two broad modes are mesenchymal migration, which is elongated and proteolysis-dependent, and amoeboid migration, which is more rounded and can squeeze through spaces with less ECM degradation. Cells can also migrate collectively as sheets or streams.

Migration is governed by signaling pathways including Rho family GTPases (Rac, Rho, Cdc42), PI3K-Akt, MAPK, and calcium signaling, and is guided by gradients of chemoattractants (chemotaxis), substrate-bound cues (haptotaxis), and physical properties such as stiffness (durotaxis). Developmental programs such as epithelial–mesenchymal transition enable migratory capabilities, while immune cells use rapid chemotaxis to reach sites of infection.

In health and disease, cell migration is essential for embryogenesis and tissue repair but also contributes to cancer metastasis and inflammatory disorders. Researchers study migration using live-cell imaging, wound-healing assays, transwell assays, and microfluidic devices to model gradients and confinement. Understanding cell migration informs therapeutic strategies to promote healing or to limit metastasis.