catabólico

Catabólico refers to a process or pathway involved in the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler compounds, typically releasing energy in the process. This term originates from the Greek words *kataballein*, meaning "to throw down," and *bolē*, meaning "throwing," reflecting the decomposition aspect of the process.

In biochemistry, catabolic reactions are a fundamental component of metabolism, the set of life-sustaining chemical reactions within living organisms. These pathways primarily involve the hydrolysis of macromolecules such as proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids into their constituent monomers or smaller molecules. For example, proteins are broken down into amino acids, carbohydrates into sugars, and fats into glycerol and fatty acids. These smaller molecules can then be further metabolized to generate ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the primary energy currency of cells.

Catabolic processes are often contrasted with anabolic reactions, which involve the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler precursors, requiring energy input. While catabolism releases energy, anabolism consumes it to build essential biomolecules like DNA, RNA, and cellular structures. The balance between catabolic and anabolic pathways is crucial for maintaining homeostasis and supporting cellular functions.

In physiology, catabolism plays a key role in energy production, particularly during periods of fasting or intense physical activity when the body relies on stored nutrients. Hormones such as glucagon and cortisol stimulate catabolic processes to mobilize energy reserves, ensuring cells have the necessary substrates for survival. Dysregulation of catabolic pathways can contribute to metabolic disorders, including diabetes and obesity, highlighting their importance in health and disease.