carbonio

Carbonio, in Italian, refers to the chemical element carbon. In English the element is called carbon, symbol C, and has atomic number 6. It is a nonmetal that occupies a central role in chemistry and biology, forming a vast array of compounds. It has four valence electrons, enabling diverse bonding patterns and the creation of complex molecular structures.

Carbon exists in several allotropes, the most notable being graphite, diamond, graphene, fullerenes, and amorphous carbon. Graphite consists of planar layers of carbon atoms arranged in hexagonal lattices and conducts electricity. Diamond is a three-dimensional network solid renowned for hardness and thermal stability. Graphene is a one-atom-thick sheet with exceptional strength and electrical conductivity. Fullerenes are closed-cage molecules such as C60, while amorphous carbon includes charcoal and soot with no long-range order.

Natural occurrence and isotopes. Carbon is abundant in the universe and is a fundamental component of all known life. On Earth it occurs in carbonates and organic matter, fossil fuels, and atmospheric carbon dioxide. The principal isotopes are 12C and 13C, with a radioactive isotope 14C used in radiocarbon dating.

Applications and role. Carbon forms the backbone of organic chemistry and biology, underpinning life, medicines, and materials. It is essential in steelmaking, producing graphite electrodes, lubricants, and activated carbon. Carbon-based materials such as graphene and carbon nanotubes are studied for advanced electronics, sensors, and composites. The carbon cycle describes exchanges among the atmosphere, oceans, biosphere, and geosphere.

Environmental considerations. Human activities alter the carbon cycle by increasing atmospheric CO2, contributing to climate change. Research and policy focus on carbon management, emissions reductions, and carbon capture technologies.