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Carboxylic acids are a class of organic compounds that contain a carboxyl functional group. This group is characterized by a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to a hydroxyl group (OH). The general formula for a carboxylic acid is R-COOH, where R represents an alkyl or aryl group, or simply a hydrogen atom in the case of formic acid.

The carboxyl group is polar due to the electronegativity of the oxygen atoms, which allows carboxylic acids to form hydrogen bonds with each other and with other polar molecules like water. This property contributes to their relatively high boiling points compared to other organic compounds of similar molecular weight and their solubility in water.

Carboxylic acids are weakly acidic. The hydrogen atom of the hydroxyl group is acidic and can be removed, forming a carboxylate anion (R-COO-) and a proton (H+). This acidity is due to the resonance stabilization of the carboxylate anion. They react with bases to form salts.

Common examples of carboxylic acids include formic acid (HCOOH), acetic acid (CH3COOH, the main component of vinegar), propanoic acid (CH3CH2COOH), and benzoic acid (C6H5COOH). They are found naturally in fruits, vegetables, and are produced during metabolism.

Carboxylic acids play important roles in biological systems, such as in the citric acid cycle. They are also widely used in various industries, including the production of plastics, pharmaceuticals, food additives, and solvents. Esters, amides, and acid halides are common derivatives formed from carboxylic acids through various chemical reactions.