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Biofilms are complex, structured communities of microorganisms encased in a self-produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). This matrix, primarily composed of polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids, provides structural integrity and protection to the embedded microbes. Biofilms can form on virtually any surface, both living and non-living, in diverse environments ranging from natural aquatic ecosystems to medical implants and industrial pipelines.

The formation of a biofilm typically involves several stages. Initial attachment of free-swimming microorganisms to a surface is followed by irreversible adhesion. The microbes then multiply and begin to secrete the EPS matrix, leading to the development of a three-dimensional structure. This mature biofilm is characterized by a complex architecture, often containing channels that facilitate nutrient and waste transport. Finally, the biofilm can undergo dispersal, releasing planktonic cells to colonize new surfaces.

The EPS matrix plays a crucial role in biofilm function. It acts as a physical barrier, protecting the microbes from external threats such as antibiotics, disinfectants, and the host immune system. The matrix also traps nutrients and water, creating a favorable microenvironment for microbial growth. Furthermore, the structured nature of biofilms allows for cell-to-cell communication (quorum sensing) and facilitates the exchange of genetic material, promoting adaptation and diversity within the community. Biofilms are relevant in various fields, including medicine, where they are associated with chronic infections and device contamination, and industry, where they can cause biofouling and corrosion.