bioconversion

Bioconversion refers to the transformation of organic materials into useful products by biological agents such as microorganisms or enzymes. It generally uses renewable biomass as feedstock and operates under mild conditions compared with chemical processes. Bioconversion can occur through fermentation, enzymatic hydrolysis, or other biocatalytic routes, and it is a key component of modern biorefineries.

Common processes include fermentation, where microbes convert sugars into ethanol, lactic acid, or other products; anaerobic digestion, where microbial communities produce biogas (mainly methane); and enzymatic hydrolysis or biocatalysis, where isolated enzymes convert substrates into targeted chemicals. Emerging approaches include microbial electrosynthesis and consolidated bioprocessing that couple hydrolysis and fermentation.

Substrates range from lignocellulosic biomass and agricultural residues to food waste, fats, oils, and algae. After pretreatment to release fermentable sugars, microbes or enzymes convert substrates into desired products. Bioconversion can yield fuels, chemicals, polymers, and materials.

Products include biofuels such as ethanol and butanol; biogas and hydrogen from anaerobic systems; organic acids like lactic and acetic acids; biopolymers such as polylactic acid and polyhydroxyalkanoates; vitamins and enzymes; and various solvents and amino acids. Industries use bioconversion in feed, food, pharmaceuticals, and environmental management.

Benefits include valorization of waste streams, reduced reliance on fossil resources, and lower emissions when powered by renewable energy. Challenges involve feedstock variability, process efficiency, contamination, and high capital costs. Ongoing research focuses on improving yields, titer, and integration with waste management and energy systems.