besën

Besën is the definite form of the Albanian noun besë, meaning the oath or the pledge. In Albanian customary law, particularly within the Kanun of Lekë Dukagjini, besë denotes a code of personal honor centered on keeping one’s word, hospitality, and protection of others. The concept is closely related to Besa, a broader ethical ideal of trust, fidelity, and social responsibility that extends to guests, friends, and allies.

Historically, besë functioned as a binding social contract within communities in the Albanian lands. Oaths were often sworn publicly and carried significant moral weight; fulfilling the promise could require protective shelter, aid, or support for someone in need or for a person to whom one had given protection. Violating besë was considered a serious breach of honor and could lead to social sanctions, feuds, or the withdrawal of trust and protection.

Cultural significance remains strong in Albanian memory and identity. Besa is commonly cited as a symbol of hospitality, integrity, and steadfastness, appearing in folklore, literature, and discussions of Albanian values. Today, the concept persists in Albania, Kosovo, and among the Albanian diaspora, where besë is referenced as a historical standard of conduct and as a marker of communal solidarity and personal responsibility.