berklasjúkdómur

Berklasjúkdómur, more commonly known as tuberculosis (TB), is an infectious disease typically caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It usually affects the lungs but can also damage other parts of the body, such as the kidneys, spine, and brain. Symptoms vary depending on the affected area but often include a persistent cough, fever, night sweats, and weight loss.

The disease spreads through the air when a person with active pulmonary TB coughs, sneezes, or speaks, releasing infectious droplets. Most people who are infected with TB bacteria do not become sick and are said to have latent TB infection. In these cases, the bacteria remain inactive in the body and do not cause symptoms, but they can become active later. If the immune system is weakened, the bacteria can multiply and cause active TB disease.

Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of physical examination, chest X-rays, and laboratory tests, such as sputum microscopy and culture. Treatment involves a course of antibiotics, usually for at least six months. The success of treatment depends on the patient adhering to the prescribed regimen. Prevention strategies include vaccination (BCG vaccine, though its effectiveness varies), prompt diagnosis and treatment of active cases, and improved living conditions. TB remains a significant global health problem, particularly in developing countries.