berberine

Berberine is a naturally occurring isoquinoline alkaloid found in several plants used in traditional medicine, including barberry (Berberis vulgaris), goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis), and Chinese goldthread (Coptis chinensis). It is the principal active constituent of these plants and has been studied for digestive disorders, infections, and metabolic conditions. In pharmacology, berberine is thought to act in part by activating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which influences glucose and lipid metabolism, and by modulating gut microbiota and inflammatory pathways. It also shows antimicrobial activity in vitro against various bacteria and parasites.

In modern clinical research, berberine has been investigated for type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, and metabolic syndrome. Some randomized trials report reductions in fasting glucose, HbA1c, and LDL cholesterol, but results are inconsistent and study quality varies. Compared with standard therapies, effects are often modest and data on long-term outcomes are limited. Bioavailability is generally low, and various formulations (including lipid-based delivery) are explored to improve absorption.

Safety considerations include common gastrointestinal side effects such as abdominal discomfort, diarrhea, and constipation. Berberine can interact with drug-metabolizing enzymes (notably certain CYPs and P-glycoprotein), raising the potential for interactions with other medicines. Rare instances of liver injury have been reported. It should be avoided in pregnancy and is not universally recommended for children. In many markets it is available as a dietary supplement, but it is not approved as a prescription drug.