benzódíazepínlyf

Benzódíazepínlyf, commonly called benzodiazepines, are a class of psychoactive medicines that enhance GABA, the brain's main inhibitory neurotransmitter. They bind to the GABA-A receptor and act as positive allosteric modulators, increasing chloride influx and producing sedative, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, and muscle-relaxant effects. Developed in the mid-20th century, they became widely used for anxiety and sleep disorders before concerns about dependence and withdrawal arose.

Clinical uses include short-term treatment of anxiety and panic, insomnia (short-term), seizure management, sedation for procedures, and relief of muscle spasticity. They are also used in alcohol withdrawal and acute agitation. Effects vary by compound, with some providing rapid relief and others longer-lasting control.

Common examples include diazepam, lorazepam, temazepam, alprazolam, clonazepam, and oxazepam. They differ in onset, duration, metabolism, and active metabolites. They are usually taken orally; some forms are used intramuscularly or intravenously in emergencies.

Adverse effects include daytime sedation, cognitive impairment, dizziness, ataxia, and anterograde amnesia. Tolerance and physical dependence can develop with long-term use, and withdrawal can be severe. Risk increases with higher doses, longer use, and concurrent alcohol or other central nervous depressants. They are contraindicated in severe respiratory insufficiency, sleep apnea, and pregnancy, and require caution in the elderly.

Because of abuse potential, many countries regulate benzodiazepines as controlled substances with prescription limits. Safe use involves limiting duration, careful patient selection, and gradual tapering when discontinuing after prolonged use.