barplot

Barplot, or bar chart, is a chart that presents categorical data with rectangular bars whose lengths are proportional to the values they represent. It is used to compare quantities across categories or to show the relative size of categories. Unlike a histogram, which displays the distribution of a continuous variable, a barplot uses discrete categories on one axis and a numeric value on the other.

Common elements of a barplot include bars, category labels on the axis, a numeric axis, vertical or horizontal orientation, spacing between bars, and optional color or pattern to indicate groups or series. The bars’ heights (or lengths in a horizontal orientation) represent the magnitude of the data for each category.

Types of barplots include simple bar plots, which show one value per category; grouped bar charts, which display multiple series side by side for each category; and stacked bar charts, which place series segments on top of each other within a category. Horizontal bar charts rotate the axes to improve readability when category labels are long or there are many categories.

Data and interpretation: barplots can display counts, proportions, means, or other statistics derived from data. It is important to start the numeric axis at zero to avoid misleading comparisons, to order categories thoughtfully, and to consider color accessibility. With many categories, barplots can become cluttered, and alternatives such as aggregating data or reordering categories may be appropriate.

Software and usage: barplots are widely available in statistical and plotting libraries. In R, the function barplot(); in Python, libraries such as matplotlib.pyplot.bar or seaborn.barplot; in spreadsheet programs, bar charts are standard. The term bar chart is sometimes used interchangeably with bar plot.