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Barcodes and QR codes are two types of machine-readable codes used to store information in a visual pattern that can be read by scanners or cameras. A barcode, also known as a linear or one-dimensional code, typically consists of parallel lines of varying widths and spaces that represent numerical or alphanumeric data. QR codes, which stand for Quick Response codes, are two-dimensional and use black squares on a white background to encode information in both horizontal and vertical directions. Unlike traditional barcodes, QR codes can hold a much larger amount of data and are more resilient to damage or distortion.

Barcodes were developed in the 1950s and became widely adopted in retail and inventory management in the 1970s. The most common barcode standard is UPC‑EAN, used on product packaging worldwide. QR codes originated in Japan in 1994, created by Denso Wave, and were designed to allow fast data capture for automotive parts tracking. Over time, QR codes have expanded into advertising, ticketing, secure authentication, and payment systems due to their versatility and quick scanning capability.

Technology-wise, barcodes use a one-dimensional encoding scheme such as Code 39 or Code 128, while QR codes employ modulation codes and error correction levels (L, M, Q, H) to recover data even when partially obscured. Both technologies rely on optical character recognition but differ in data density and use cases. The integration of barcode and QR code readers into smartphones has democratized their use, enabling personal and commercial workflows that rely on instant, reliable data exchange.