autoklav

An autoklav (more commonly autoclave in English) is a pressure vessel that uses saturated steam under pressure to achieve high-temperature sterilization and disinfection of instruments, media, and waste. By combining heat, moisture, and pressure, autoklaves destroy microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and spores, more effectively than dry heat alone.

The modern autoklav was developed in the late 19th century and became an essential tool in medicine, microbiology, and industry. Typical designs include gravity-displacement and vacuum (pre-vacuum) systems; sizes range from small benchtop units for laboratories and dental clinics to large industrial chambers for hospitals, pharmaceutical manufacturing, and waste treatment. Related devices such as retorts are used for commercial pressure cooking and sterilization of canned foods.

Operation relies on replacing air in the chamber with steam to ensure even heat transfer. Load configuration, steam penetration, and cycle selection affect performance and must be validated by biological and chemical indicators. Materials compatible with steam and pressure—metal, certain plastics, and heat-resistant glass—are routinely processed.

Safety considerations include pressure containment, temperature hazards, and proper handling of sterilized items to prevent recontamination. Regular maintenance, calibration, and adherence to regulatory and institutional protocols are required to ensure efficacy and prevent equipment failure. Autoklaves remain a fundamental technology for infection control, laboratory practice, and many industrial sterilization applications.