authorizationand

The term authorizationand is not a standard concept in common usage. This article focuses on authorization, the process that determines whether a user or service is permitted to access a resource or perform an action, after authentication.

Authorization relies on policies, roles, attributes, or tokens. Common models include role-based access control (RBAC), attribute-based access control (ABAC), mandatory access control (MAC), and discretionary access control (DAC). Access decisions may be enforced via access control lists, capability tokens, or policy engines that evaluate rules.

In software and networks, authorization is supported by standards such as OAuth 2.0 for delegated authorization, OpenID Connect for identity, and SAML for enterprise single sign-on. Policy languages like XACML and token formats such as JWTs are used to convey permissions between components.

Beyond IT, authorization governs organizational governance, defining who may approve actions and how authority is delegated. Principles such as least privilege and separation of duties reduce risk, while audits and documentation support accountability and regulatory compliance.

Modern trends include dynamic or context-aware authorization, risk-based access control, and zero-trust architectures that assume no implicit trust. Common challenges include policy complexity, privilege creep, and misconfigurations, underscoring the need for regular testing and monitoring.