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Atoms are the basic units of matter and the defining structure of elements. They consist of a nucleus containing protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons in orbitals. The number of protons in an atom's nucleus determines its atomic number and identifies the element. For example, hydrogen has one proton, while helium has two. The number of neutrons can vary, resulting in different isotopes of the same element. Electrons are negatively charged and orbit the nucleus in specific energy levels or shells. The outermost shell, known as the valence shell, determines an atom's chemical properties and reactivity.

Atoms can combine with other atoms to form molecules and compounds. This process involves the sharing, gaining, or losing of electrons to achieve a stable electron configuration. The resulting chemical bonds can be covalent, ionic, or metallic, depending on the types of atoms involved and the nature of the bond. Atoms can also undergo nuclear reactions, such as fission or fusion, which release or absorb energy and can change the identity of the atom.

The study of atoms and their behavior is fundamental to chemistry and physics. It provides insights into the properties of matter, the behavior of materials, and the fundamental forces that govern the universe. Advances in atomic theory and technology have led to the development of various applications, including electronics, medicine, and energy production. Understanding atoms is crucial for comprehending the natural world and harnessing its potential for human benefit.