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Aryl groups are a class of functional groups in organic chemistry derived from aromatic ring systems. An aromatic ring is a planar ring of delocalized pi electrons that confers special stability to the molecule. The simplest and most common aryl group is the phenyl group, which has the chemical formula C6H5-. It is derived from benzene (C6H6) by removing one hydrogen atom. Other common aryl groups include naphthyl (derived from naphthalene) and pyridyl (derived from pyridine).

Aryl groups are typically attached to other atoms or molecules through a carbon-carbon bond. Their presence significantly influences the chemical and physical properties of the parent molecule. For instance, aryl groups are generally electron-withdrawing, meaning they tend to pull electron density away from the atom or group they are attached to. This can affect the reactivity of the molecule, making it more or less susceptible to certain chemical reactions. The delocalized pi electron system of the aryl group also contributes to its stability and can participate in various aromatic reactions.

In nomenclature, aryl groups are often represented by the abbreviation "Ar". For example, a molecule with an aryl group attached to an alkyl chain might be denoted as Ar-R, where R represents the alkyl group. Aryl groups are fundamental building blocks in a vast array of organic compounds, including pharmaceuticals, dyes, polymers, and fragrances. Their distinctive electronic properties and structural rigidity make them crucial components in designing molecules with specific functionalities.